Organopolysiloxane lubricants



I I I 2,742,428 I I ORGANOPOLYSILOXANE LUBRICANTS CQAg ens, Schenectady, N. i,, assignor,to General Electric Company, a corporation of New York No Drawing. pplication March 2;, 195a, Serial No. 151,529 I Y Claims. or. 252-421 The present invention relates to organopolysiloxanes having increased lubricity. More particularly, the invention is concerned with a composition of matter c'omprising a liquid organo-substituted polysi'loxane, for example,

a liquid, non-resinous organo-substituted polysiloxanc containing an average of from about 1.9 to 2.67 organic groups per silicon atom, and having incorporated therein structure called a siloxane structure:

on ed sw ..1Pa n 2,742,428 Patented Apr. 17,1951;

ting out water to give the siloxane-linkage's mentioned previously. Such intercondensations are accelerated by acidic materials, -e. 'g., sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ferric chloride, etc., as well as by basic materials, e. g., sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc. As a result of the hydrolysis and condensation;organopolysiloxanes may be produced which are partially or completely condensecl an-d which may have on the average up to as high as, three-organic radicalssUbStituted'per' silicon atom. The liquid organopolys'iloxanes, 'i.'-e., liquid' organosubstituted polysiloxanes', prepared in 'ice this manner consist essentially of silicon atomsjoined together by'oxygen atomsthrough silicon-oxygen linkages and organic radicals attachedto siliconthroughcarbonsilicon linkages,- the'remaining valences, if anylof the-silicon atoms being satisfied by hydroxyl radicals and/or by residual unhydrolyzed radicals, such as the hydrolyzable radicalslistedpreviously; i g The viscosity of the liquid organopolysiloxanes obtained in theabovefashio'n may-vary, forins tance, depending upon the starting materials, hydrolysis medium, temperature, etc. These materials have good resistance to the effeet of heatfor great lengths of time at temperatures of wherein a-preponderant number ofthe' valences of-the siliconi'atomsare satisfied :by the substitution thereon of organic radicals. These compositions of matter may be prepared, for example, by the hydrolysis of hydrolyzable organo-substituted silanes, e. g., dihydrocarbon-substituted '"dihalogenosilanes;' for instance," dimethyldichlorosilane,

followed by complete or 'par'tiafcondensation =orthe hydrolysisprodiicL-i They may also be prepared by'hydrm --lyz'in'gz mixtures o'fhydrolyzable 'diorgano-substituted si- :l'anes among themselves or with hydrolyzable silanes coni taining-, for example,three organic radicals substituted on thea-silicdnv 'atomn for" instance, trimethylchloro silane.

:iEE'By Jthe-"term -hydrolyza'ble .organo-s' ubstituted silanes Y is intended to mean derivatives of SlIL} which contain hydrolyzable groups or radicals, e. g., halogens, amino groups, alkoxy, ,aryloxy, and-acyloxy radicals, etc, in addition to the: organic groups substituted directly on the the order'of l00 to 150 C. At these temperatu'resthey resist'decompositionmuch better for longer periods of operation'than other organic non-silicon-cOntaining liquid maerials, as, for example, mineral oils, organic esters, vegetable oils, etc. II I j Although organopolysiloxanes have good lubricity in "many applications'pithasbeen found that whenjsuch organopolysiloxane lubricants are employed .inapplications where a'heavy load is placed on the bearing surfaces, there is a tendency for the liquid organopolysiloxane to be squeezed out. This is a serious defectsince under such circumstances there maybe a lack. of protection against wear of the bearing members, and because of this lack of protection theremay occur what is known as freezing or bearing-.seizur'e.of the revolving member or shaft supported byl'thebearin gs. Generally petroleum'base oils of similarviscosities are not subject to this defect. This disparity in lubrication properties of organopolysiloxanes is particularly pronounced Ewhere both rubbing-surfaces are steel. .The inab'ility of the liquid organopolysiloxane' to smaintainua continuous lubricating film-on the steel sursi-li'c'o'n atoin that are joined to the silicon through carbon- I silicon linkages. Examples of'such organic radicals are T'aliphatic'radicals; including alkyl radicalsQ'je; g.,- methyl,

ethyl, propyl, butyl,.fe'tc.;.alicyclic radicals, we.'g'. "cyclopentyl, cyclohexyh etc; aryl; radicals',fe. g.,' phenyl, diphenyl, anthracyl, .naphthyl, etc.; aralkyl radicals, e; g.,

v t y y yl, k yl radicals; et asZ-well as Ehydrozlyzable silanes containing two different organicra'dicals,

.e. .g.,methyl and phenyl radicals, etc., attached to the silicon atom. If desired, the above-mentioned radicals may also contain substituentssubstituted thereon, for instance, halo en .i H r of ydrolysis o f thefabove silanesor mixtures of the silanes results: in,the formation-of silariols, i. eL,orga no s i;1bjs'titute'd silanes. containinghydroxy groups substituted directly on the silicon, which hydroxy groups almost imme- 'condense intermoleculanly (intercondenselesplit-.

faceswhen the loadon the bearings has been increased abovea certainzcritical pointis very serious, and in'so me measure :has limited the usefulness o f'liquid organopoly siloxanes aslubricants.

."The, primary object of this inventionis to provide liquidorganopolysiloxane lubricants'capable of adequately lubricating the'bearing' surfaces of moving'me'tallic bodies ,evenunder increased loads, said liquids beingchara'cterized by-higli resistance to oxidation, little changeof vis- I Ecojsjity-with.temperature,:=and low pour points. Oth'erob- ,jectsraud:advantages'of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and claims. -i Unexpectedly I have now found that the frictional properties of liquid organo-substituted polysiloxanes, especially liquid hydrocarbon-substituted polysiloxanes containing an'average of fromabout 1.9 to 2.67, more particularly from'approximate'ly-1:95 :to 2.3 hydrocarbon groups per. silicon atomslmay be greatly improved by. incorporating in the: said-liquid ;poly'siloxane a minor proportion, preferablyra small amount, ;of;an aliphatic compound containing both chlorine'and fiuorine atoms. The aliphatic compounds containing both chlorine and fluorine in the molecule may-be described generally "as thosehaving at least two carbon atoms, for example, from 2 to 20 carbon atoms or even more, either'yin a ring, straight chain, or, branched chain configuration, where chlorine and fluorine atoms are substituted onthezsame or diiferent carbonatoms, the remaining valences ofithe carbon atoms being satisfied where required by hydrogen atoms. In many applications it is preferable that the aliphatic compounds employed in the practice of this invention have all the valences of the carbon atoms satisfied by chlorine and fluorine atoms. However, it is to be understood that I do not intend to limit the scope of my invention to such compounds since, as may be apparent to those skilled in the art, some of the valences of the carbon atoms may be satisfied by hydrogen.

Among the aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds containing chlorine and fluorine atoms which I may use may be mentioned, for example, 1,1,-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethane (including its various isomers), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane as well as isomers of ethane containing the same number of chlorine or fluorine atoms but attached to-the carbon atoms by a different configuration (for instance, CFzClCClzF, etcx), pentachlorotrifluoropropane including its various isomers (for example,

etc.), hexachlorodifluoropropane including its various isomers, trichlorotrifluoropropane including its various isomers (for example, 1,l,2-trichloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropane), CHClzCClFCClFz, CHaClCFzCl-IaCl,

tetrachlorodifluoropropene including its various isomers (for example, l,2,3,3-tetrachlorol,1-difiuoropropene-2), trichlorotrifiuoropropene including its various isomers (for example, 1,1, 1-trifluoro-2,3,3-trichloropropene-2 dichlorohexafluorobutene including its various isomers (for example, 1,l,l,3,3,3 hexafluoro 2,3 difiuorobutene-Z), dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane, 1,2 dichloro 3,3,4,4,5,5- hexafluorocyclopentene-l, trichloropentafluorocyclohexadiene, CFaClCFClCFClCFzCl,CF3CCl=CClCF3,

C1ClCF1s, C7Cl3F13, CvHaFtoClz, CF2H(CF2)sCFsCl, etc.

Among the aliphatic compounds containing both chlorine and fluorine which I have found especially applicable in my invention is a group of chlorinated fluorinated low molecular weight polymers known as Fluorolubes. These compositions may be prepared by several methods. One method comprises polymerizing chlorotrifluoroethylene in the presence of small amounts of chloroform and by use of a catalyst such as benzoyl peroxideto yield 'what is known as unstabilized low polymers which contain benzoyl radicals and trichloromethyl radicals as chainstopping units. This unstabilized polymer is then treated with cobalt tritluoride, during which process these unstable terminating groups are removed and replaced with trifluoromethyl groups. This stabilized polymer containing the recurring structural unit (-CClF--CFz--)n, where n.is an integer'equal to at least 1, is a source of commercial Fluorolubes. By distillation of this heterogeneous polymer one obtains several products including what is known as a foreshot boiling between 50100 C. at 1 mm., standard Fluorolube, boiling between 100- 220 C. at 1 mm., and Fluorolube heavy grease which is the residue. One source of these Fluorolubes is the Hooker Chemical Corporation of Niagara Falls, N. Y.

The amount of additive which may be'added to the liquid organopolysiloxane may be varied within wide limits without departing from the scope of the invention. Generally, a minor proportion is employed and preferably an amount of the additive is used which is soluble at normal temperatures in the liquid organopolysiloxane. A useful range which I have found can be employed for these additives is one ranging from about 0.5 to 25%, by weight, preferably from 1 to 10%, based on the weight of the liquid organopolysiloxane.

The lower -molecular weight additives may generally be employed in greater amounts because 'of better solubility in'the organopolysiloxane lubricants. Anotherconsideration entering in the choice of the additive is dictated by the application for which the mixture of liquid organopolysiloxane and additive is intended. Where advantage is to be taken of the low temperature properties of the liquid organopolysiloxane it will be apparent that lower molecular weight additives having lower boiling points may be employed satisfactorily. In cases where the application is for high temperature use, it will be apparent that it is more desirable to use higher molecular weight aliphatic compounds containing fluorine and chlorine atoms therein in order to minimize the loss of additive at the elevated temperatures. In this respect theabove-described Fluorolubes are eminently suitable because of their essential inertness at elevated temperatures and their low volatilities.

In order that those skilled in the art may better understand how the present invention may be practiced, the following examples are given by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. All parts are by weight.

In the following examples various additives comprising aliphatic compounds containing both chlorine and fluorine atoms were added to different organopolysiloxanes intended as lubricants and these mixtures were then tested for their lubricity properties on a Shell four ball wear tester which comprises a device for holding three rigidly clamped /2" metal balls submerged in a lubricant in a metal cup. A fourth rotating ball of the same diameter is then pressed into contact with the three stationary balls by an adjustable loading arm and allowed to rub for one hour. The contact points on the three stationary balls grow to circular scars as wear progresses. The average diameter of these scars in millimeters (mm.) after an hours run at some particular speed and load is taken as the measurement of wear. The type of metal employed in the balls can be changed as, for example,

the lubricating surfaces can be steel on steel, or steel on brass, or brass on steel.

EXAMPLE 1 In this example a methyl polysiloxane oil (viscosity of 70 centistokes) comprising a linear dimethyl polysiloxane chain-stopped at each end with trimethylsilyl groups and more particularly described in the aforementioned Patnode Patent 2,469,888, as well as in another Patnode Patent 2,469,890, was mixed with various chlorinated fluorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in a certain proportion and each of the mixtures was testedon the abovedescribed Shell four ball tester. The following Table I shows results of these tests when the rotating ball was rotating at a speed of about 600 R. P. M. for one hour and theload on the loading arm was about 10 kg. The 'values in the table below show wear scars where the surfaces were steel on steel and steel on brass, i. e., where the revolving ball is steel and the three stationary balls arebrass.

Table I Additive (3% CFgCICCl=CCl2.- CF|CC1=CC]:.-. CFzCC1=CClCFs CHChCClzCClF:

eaaaessas EXAMPLE 2 In this example a chain-stopped methyl polysiloxane oil similar to the one employed in Example 1 but having a viscosity of about 40 centistokes was mixed with 10%, 'hyweight, of a low boilingFluorolube described earlier "these tests:

.Fluorolube (6%) Standard oil and the Fluorolube.

"thereof of standard Fluorolube. 1 Each formulationzwas tested in the Shell four ball tester at room temperature -and v'vith kg'. load with and without additive varying the speed of the revolving ball at which eachcomposition was tested. "The following table shows the results of Table II Additive Fluorolube (5%) Standa "1 Conducted at; temperature of 150 C.

3 Conducted at 150 0. with 30 kg. load. It was noted that in each case where the Fluorolube was used, the wear scar was round and smooth whereas when no additive was employed the wear scar was oblong and p y scarre EXAMPLE 3 .In this example 5%, by weight, of the Fluorolube foreshot was added to a methyl phenyl'polysiloxane oil .conjjtainingfiterminal trimethy'l silyl groups. There was. also .added to 'this oil 1%, by-w'eight, thereof of a thio fatty acid having'the formula.CH3(CH2)i5SCHzCCOH and 2%, by weighflbased on the oil of a phosphite ester 0 391666 made bythe. Lubrizol Corporation, the lasttwo .add ivab nai c porat f r epu p sep l. ur-

ther improving the lubricity of the mixture of the silicone Testing of this mixture in the rtween' rubbing-ibearing surfaces without excessive wear have been given earlier may be used in placeof those employed in theprec'eding examples without departing fromthe scope: of the invention. 'In addition, the percentages of the additives'may'also'be varied depending on the solubility of the additive in the organopolysiloxane, the application for which the 'organopolysiloxane oil is intended,'etc.

iTheuse of the additives in accordance with my invention'is especially adaptable vfor liquid organopolysiloxanes,

, for instance, the liquid alk-yl-substituted polysiloxanes,

Shell four ball tester under a 15 kg. load at normal tem-' peratures and at a speed of '1200 R. P. M. showed that for steel on steel the diameter of the wear scar was .66 mm.

Under similar conditions testing of the oil with the two additives excludingthe Fluorolube showed the oil to have -a wear scar of 2.13 for steel on steel. v

EXAMPLE 4 In this example, varying amounts of the above-nientioned Fluorolube foreshot were added to a chain-stopped methyl polysiloxane oil (40 centistokes) similar to that used in Example 2. The-mixtures of methyl silicone oil and Fluorolube were tested in a Shell four ball tester which was run at around room temperature using a speed of 600 R. P. M. for 1 hour under varying loads as indicated in the table below. All the balls in the tester were steel balls.

Table III Wear Scar Load (kg) mm Percent Fluorolube Additive loads and at additive concentrations ranging from about 1 to 5%,, by weight. a

From the foregoing examples, it will be clearly apparent that the lubricating properties of liquid organopolysiloxanes of the type employed in the practice of my invention can be markedly improved by incorporating therein aliphatic compounds-containing both chlorine and fluorine atoms. By'means of my invention lubricating films of liquid organopolysiloxanes can be maintained be- ;e.- g., liquid methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-,= 'butyl-, isopropylsubstituted polysiloxanes;,etc.; the liquid aryl-substituted "polysiloxanes, e. g.,-jthe liquid phenyl-substituted polysiloxanes, 'e'tcg; theliquid organopolysiloxanes containing different hydrocarbons substituted on the silicon atomor atoms, e. g., liquid methyland phenyl-substituted polysi1oxanes,- etc.; aswell asliquid organopolysiloxanes containirig' both 'alkyhahd aryl hydrocarbons substituted on different 'silico'n at ms, e. g., liquid organopolysiloxanes obtained by hydrolyiingfa mixture comprising dimethyldichlorosilane an 'diphenyldichlorosilane., I

My claimed compositions can beused to make various "greases usinggnany of the' thickening agents such as soaps ordinarily ns'edi fonthat purpose as thickening agents.

These include for instance lithiuin"stearate, lithium hy- 'droxy' s'tear'ate, etc; 11 Ether-additives may be incorporated in the grease to improve certain properties thereof as, for

7 example, the use of various oxidation inhibitors, organic 'diesters for improving low temperature properties [e. g.,

di-(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate], etc.

What I claim as new and desire to secure by, Letters Patent of the United States is: V

l. A composition of matter consisting essentially of (1). a major proportion of a liquid methyl polysiloxane containing an average of from 1.9 ,to 2.67 methyl groups per silicon atom and (2) from lid 10%, by weight, based on the weight of (l) of l,1,2,2,3-pentachloro-l,3, 3-trifluoropropane.

2. A composition of matterconsisting essentially'of l) a major proportion of a liquid methyl polysiloxane containing an average of from 1.9 to 2.67 methyl groups per silicon'atom and (2) from 1 to 10%, by weight, based on the weight of (1) of 1,1,2,2,3-pentachloro-3,3-difluoropropane.

3. A composition of matter consisting essentially of 1) a major proportion of a liquid methyl polysiloxane containing an average of from 1.9 to 2.67 methyl'groups per silicon atom and (2) from 1 to 10%, by weight, based onithe weight of (1) of 1,2,3,3-tetrachloro+1,1-difluoropropene-2.

4. A composition of matter consisting essentially of (1) a major proportion of a liquid methyl polysiloxane containing an average of from 1.9 to 2.67 methyl groups per silicon atom and '(2) from 1 to 10%, by weight, based on the Weight of (1) of 2,3-dichloro-l,l,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutene-Z.

5. A composition of matter consisting essentially of 1) a major proportion of a liquid organopolysiloxane and (2) up to 25%, by'weight, based on the weight of the organopolysiloxane, [of a linear, liquid, low molecular" 7 weight polymer of at most 20-carbon length consisting essentially of recurring, connected (-CClFCFa) groups and boiling from 50 to 220 C. at 1 mm.

7. A composition of matter having grease-like properties and consisting essentially of (1) a major proportion of a liquid organopolysiloxane, (2) a thickening agent for (1) comprising a metallo-organic soap, and (3) a minor proportion in an amount .up to 25%, by weight, based on the weight of (l), of a liquid, linear, low molecular weight polymer of at most 20-carbon length consisting essentiallyof recurring, connected groups and boiling from 50 to 220 C. at 1 mm.

8. A composition of matter having grease-like properties and consisting essentially of (1") a major proportion of a liquid methylpolysiloxane, (2) a thickening agent for (1) comprising lithium stearate,'and (3) a minor proportion up to 25 by weight, based on the weight of (1) of a liquid, linear, low molecular weight polymer of at most 20-carbon length consisting essentially of recurring connected (CC1F-CF2--) groups and boiling from 50 to 220 C. at 1 mm.

9. A composition of matter havinggrease like properties and consisting essentially of (1) a major proportion of a liquid methylpolysiloxane, (2) a thickening agent for (1) comprising lithium hydroxy stearate and (3) a minor proportion up to 25%, by weight, based on the weight of (l) of a liquid, linear, low molecular weight polymer of at most 20-carbon length consisting essentially of recurring connected (CClF-CF2--) and boiling from 50 to 220 C. at 1 mm.

10. A composition of matter consisting essentially of (1) a major proportion of aliquid organopolysiloxane and (2) a .minor proportion in an amount up to 25%, by weight, of the weight of the organopolysiloxane, of a substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon compound containing both chlorine and fluorine .and being selected from the class consisting of dichlorodifiuoroethane, trichlortrifiuoroethane, pentachlorotrifiuoropropane, hexachlorodifluoropropane, trichlorotrifluoropropane, tetrachlorotrifluoropropane, dichlordifluoropropane, tetrachlorotetrafluoropropane, tetrachlorodifluoropropene, trichlorotrifiuoropropene, dichlorohexafiuorobutene, dichlorohexafiuorocyclobutane, l,2-dichloro-3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopentene-l, trichloropentafluorocyclohexadiene, tetrachlorohexafluorobutane, 1,1,l,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2,3-dichloropropane-2, decafluorochlorohexane, chloropentadecafluoroheptane, trichlorotridecafluoroheptane, dichlorodecafluoroheptane, chlorohexadecafluorooctane, and liquid, linear, low molecular weight polymers of at most ZO-carbon atom length consisting essentially of recurring connected (-CClFCF2-) groups and boiling from 50 to 220 C. at 1 mm.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,318,684 Gaylor May 11, 1943 2,398,173 Brunstrum et al Apr. 9, 1946 2,411,159 Hanford Nov. 19, 1946 2,471,850 Wilcock May 31, 1949 OTHER REFERENCES Low Polymers of 'Chlorofluoroethylene by Miller et 211., Ind. and Eng. Chem., 1947, vol. 39, No. 3, pages 333-337. 

10. A COMPOSITION OF MATTER CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF (1) A MAJOR PROPORTION OF A LIQUID ORGANOPOLYSILOXANE AND (2) MINOR PROPORTION IN AN AMOUNT UP TO 25%, BY WEIGHT, OF THE WEIGHT OF THE ORGANOPOLYSILOXANE, OF A SUBSITUTED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON COMPOUND CONTAINING BOTH CHLORINE AND FLUORINE AND BEING SELECTED FROM THE CLASS CONSITING OF DICHLORODIFLUOROETHANE, TRICHLORTRIFLUOROETHANE, PENTACHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE, HEXACHLORODIFLUOROPROPANE, TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROPROPENE, TRETRACHLOROTRIFLYOROPROPANE, DICHLORDIFLUOROPROPANE, TETRACHLOROTETRAFLUOROPROPANE, TETRACHLORODIFLUOROPROPENE, TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROPROPENE, DICHLOROHEXAFLUOROBUTENE, DICHLOROHEXAFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE, 1,2-DICHLORO-3,3,4,4,5,5-HEXAFLUOROCYCLOPENTENE-1, TRICHLOROPENTAFLUOROCYCLOHEXADIENE, TETRACHLOROHEXAFLUOROBUTANE, 1,1,1,3,3,3-HEXAFLUORO-2,3-DICHLOROPROPENE-2, DECAFLUOROCHLOROHEXANE, CHLOROPENTADECAFLUOROHEPTANE, TRICHLOROTRIDECAFLUOROHEPTANE, DICHLORODECAFLUOROHEPTANE, CHLOROHEXADECAFLUOROOCTANE, AND LIQUID, LINEAR, LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYMERS OF AT MOST 20-CARBON ATOM LENGTH CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF RECURRING CONNECTED 